Gothic cathedrals (1771 words) Essay Example For Students

Gothic houses of prayer (1771 words) Essay Gothic cathedralsBetween the years 117 and 1144, another church building style emerged that demonstrated imperative to the Medieval World Gothic. The maker of this new style, Abbot Suger, accomplished both profound and political objectives through his work. The special style of the Gothic house of prayer became well known and spread all through Medieval Europe. In any case, above all, the Gothic houses of prayer made cement the strict way of thinking that the profound controlled a material world. Abbot Suger turned into the originator of the Gothic structure for church buildings. Suger lived as one of the main figures in France in the 1th century. At the point when he was around eight or nine, he become a close acquaintence with Louis VI in their childhood at the convent of St.- Denis. He worked in administration for Louis VI as a comrade, consultant, and representative. At the point when Louis VI and his significant other participated in the Second Crusade, he designated Suger his official. During his time as an official, Suger made the reinforcing of the government his lifes work. He knew the significance of expanding the monarchys otherworldly status, for the French lords fleeting forces demonstrated incredibly limited. He needed to set up a Spiritual Center for France, whose political authority had dissolved since the demise of Charlemagne. In 11, he became abbot of St.- Denis, and he sought after his fantasy about reestablishing the convents previous distinction by remod eling the disregarded texture of the congregation in wants to motivate venerate and fortify otherworldliness. Sugers labor of love spun around the twin objectives of working up both the realm of France and the Catholic Church. The aristocrats, who at the time filled in as vassals, overpowered the lords; the rulers just administered the Ile-de-France, and even there, they discovered their power tested. Suger assumed a key job, as boss consultant to Louis VI, in the development of illustrious force. At the point when the religious administrator started to structure St.- Denis, the Dukes of Normandy, who were at the same time the Kings of England, challenged the King of Frances authority. The Counts of Champagne likewise overwhelmed the ruler, for they held a bigger number of terrains and had more riches than him. Be that as it may, Suger, alongside Louis VI merged the regal force, accordingly permitting him to recover religious terrains. St.- Denis demonstrated significant not exclusi vely to Suger, however to France, too. Suger wanted the monastery to turn into, a journey church to eclipse the quality of all the others, the point of convergence of strict just as devoted feeling. St-Denis remained as an image of imperial force and the magnificence of both the government and France. The monastery regarded and existed as the hallowed place to the minister, St. Denis, who previously carried Christianity to France.# St.- Denis filled in as the site of the crowning ceremonies of Charlemagne and his dad Pepin, and filled in as the entombment spot of Charles Martel, Pepin, and Charles the Bald. St.- Denis indicated significance, for rulers sent their kids there for training for some ages. Additionally the one of a kind Gothic plan, utilized first at St.- Denis, set the guide for an entire arrangement of houses of God, hence making Suger the maker of Gothic. Gothic basilicas communicated a one of a kind combination of structure and space. Gothic Cathedrals contained comp ositional components that all things considered characterized the style including vaults, pointed curves, and flying supports. The Romanesque style of houses of God that continued the Gothic, depended on the utilization of half circle curves as auxiliary components and to make roof vaults. The plan approach of the crescent curves constrained the stature of the inlet, for it required the tallness to be equivalent to the width. This property along these lines required the structure of overwhelming help sections and the falling of a progression of curves to traverse huge zones. This would in general breaking point the tallness of the outside dividers and brought about a structure with a squat, substantial impact. Abbott Suger and his designers decided to utilize the sharp curve which empowered them to build the stature of the vaults to new and rousing statures. These statures got conceivable by the property of the sharp curve, for it could spring to any tallness and range any separatio n along as the different sides of the curve adjusted in size and pitch. The adaptability additionally made it conceivable to assemble vaults with even crowns with no loss of solidarity. All the more critically the sharp curve made it conceivable to assemble houses of God with oval or rectangular molded naives. Furthermore the draftsmen found they could assemble considerably higher dividers than previously, whenever upheld remotely by the utilization of a half pointed curve which got known as the flying brace. The subsequent one of a kind Gothic plan joined these components delivering a rectangular nave with remotely upheld high meager dividers beat with grand pointed vaults. The impact emphasizd the vertical over the level, reverberating the strict topic of the triumph of the otherworldly over the material. The Gothic enthusiasm for light had a significant religious hugeness. Plato contended that light was likewise the methods by which the astuteness saw truth. Light could go throug h glass without breaking it, which turned into an image of Immaculate Conception. The utilization of light shipped individuals to a weird locale among earth and the immaculateness of paradise. The originator of this way of thinking, Dionysius the Areopagite, a follower of Saint Pauls, had faith in the solidarity of all things. For Dionysius, light remained as the most elevated articulation of this solidarity, which he accepted existed before creation and from which all things were made. In short he accepted that God was Light and that Gods light reflected in everything in agreement to their nature.The birthplaces of the Abbot Sugers confidence in this way of thinking, originate from his tutoring at St.- Denis which housed a significant early Latin interpretation of crafted by Dionysius. This adoration for light persuaded the Abbott to bring a wealth of regular light into the house of God through the position of columns of windows high along the dividers of the whole structure which turned into a sign of Gothic basilica plan. Abbot Sugar recorded his relationship to Dionysian idea in his self-portraying record of the structure of the house of prayer at Saint Denis entitled On His Administration. In that treatise, he cited a sonnet he composed and had engraved over the entryways of the church which said partially, The honorable work is brilliant, in any case, being respectably splendid, the work ought to light up the brains, permitting them to head out through the lights to the genuine light. A more extensive perusing of Sugers compositions recommended that Suger imagined the Gothic house of God as a landmark of applied religious philosophy. Following the finishing of the house of God of Saint Denis at the Ile-de-France in 1144, the gothic style of church building spread all through Europe. Throughout the following 200 and fifty years planners assembled amazing houses of prayer in England, more noteworthy France, Germany, Italy lastly in Spain. As this energetic style spread, it regularly adjusted and refined to suit nearby tastes. The fast spread of the new gothic plan originated from the accomplishment of the structure as the declaration of medieval strict sensibilities. The political aptitudes of Abbott Sugar may have additionally added to the spread of this new style. For instance, Suger masterminded five ecclesiastical overseers and fourteen European Bishops to go to the opening of the new Cathedral at Saint Denis. This generally gone to function prevailing with regards to avowing the connection among God and King and King and Church. .u7db72cbd5909cd9427794d7b09dfc2a5 , .u7db72cbd5909cd9427794d7b09dfc2a5 .postImageUrl , .u7db72cbd5909cd9427794d7b09dfc2a5 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u7db72cbd5909cd9427794d7b09dfc2a5 , .u7db72cbd5909cd9427794d7b09dfc2a5:hover , .u7db72cbd5909cd9427794d7b09dfc2a5:visited , .u7db72cbd5909cd9427794d7b09dfc2a5:active { border:0!important; } .u7db72cbd5909cd9427794d7b09dfc2a5 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u7db72cbd5909cd9427794d7b09dfc2a5 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u7db72cbd5909cd9427794d7b09dfc2a5:active , .u7db72cbd5909cd9427794d7b09dfc2a5:hover { murkiness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u7db72cbd5909cd9427794d7b09dfc2a5 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u7db72cbd5909cd9427794d7b09dfc2a5 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-beautification: underline; } .u7db72cbd5909cd9427794d7b09dfc2a5 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u7db72cbd5909cd9427794d7b09dfc2a5 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-design: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7db72cbd5909cd9427794d7b09dfc2a5:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u7db72cbd5909cd9427794d7b09 dfc2a5 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u7db72cbd5909cd9427794d7b09dfc2a5-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u7db72cbd5909cd9427794d7b09dfc2a5:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Alexander the Great Essay The Cathedral at Chartres, in France, spoke to the fullest articulation of exemplary gothic structure. The size and unpredictability of the plan alongside the abundance of window space stamped Charters. Likewise Charters originally utilized the consequently great three phase inside known as nave arcade, a progression of

Self harm free essay sample

I used to be a shaper yet shh, dont tell. Society didnt permit me to communicate my torment that way Todays society will not recognize numerous issues that adolescents manage. Individuals would prefer to trust in cheerfully ever after than face reality, youngsters are languishing. While it might appear to others that the issues are made up, its genuine to the one managing them ordinary. This enduring can leave changeless scars, and harm (if not ruin) their future. By staying oblivious, self mischief turns out to be increasingly normal, however at what cost? In the event that instructors and clinical work force were o be progressively taught on self mischief and how to manage it, youngsters and youthful grown-ups would be increasingly open to requesting help. Getttig free of the generalizations that self damage is just for consideration permits a more profound comprehension on why somebody would do something like this, so they could get the assistance that is so frantically required. We will compose a custom paper test on Self damage or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page There are numerous names and definitions for self damage. The most well-known are Self Harm or Deliberate Self Harm. Self Mutilation is utilized by certain analysts and advisors, however is an upsetting title for the individuals who this applys as well. Self harmers take ffense to the word mutilation since what they do isn't to change the presence of their bodies. Self Injury is another generally utilized title. One way that youngsters or youthful grown-ups perceive self damage is by giving a name to the genuine demonstration of hurting, for example, cutting or consuming. These names are obvious. Self damage can be a consequence of any number of mental issue, for example, despondency, bipolar turmoil, and different character dissorder. It can likewise be utilized as an approach to adapt to numerous issues, for example, passing, issues at home, work, or school. Self hurting discharges synthetics in the mind, causing the harmer to feel sheltered, secure, and upbeat. In light of these synthetic compounds, self mischief can turn out to be very addictive. Regardless of whether somebody out developed of that period of life, or fixed their issues, oneself hurting would stay as an approach to adapt to any little issue they face. Self harmers now and then mischief themselves from three to thirty years before anybody takes note. Grown-ups who work in instruction based setting some of the time feel awkward managing youthful teenagers who self mischief. Regardless of whether this is a result of individual reasons r obliviousness, self mischief is a typical subject in schools. When met for an artical, one instructor said that she, couldnt manage the passionate angle, and couldnt think about any motivation behind why somebody would need to truly hurt themselves. Another educator, at a similar school, expressed that he hadnt had the experience or preparing important to support the youngster. This seemed to make the youngster awkward and lament requesting help. Should requesting help truly be such a troublesome assignment? Schools have classes intended to instruct adolescents about how to grow up nd assume responsibility, and manage issues; staff ought to have the alternative to take comparable classes. On the off chance that self mischief was talked about additional in these classes, and proper adapting techniques were instructed, there would be to a lesser degree an issue in schools. Clinical authorities and help with the mending of a self incurred wound, they have no required commitment to support the patient. A few emergency clinics have revealed that clinical staff feels that the patient has the right to feel the torment as they deliberately hurt themselves. Medical caretakers will utilize next to zero sedation on the patient, or will treat them last no atter the seriousness of the injury. This conflicts with the Hippocratic Oath, which states l will apply, to help the debilitated, all measures (that) are required Nurses ought to carry on more expertly and with empathy when managing somebody who is temperamental. While I for one accept that self mischief ought not be such a commin subject, I can comprehend why it is. Discussing self mischief is awkward and cumbersome, particularly when it is narcissistic. Instructors accept that talking about self damage in school could place the thought in the understudies head, and increment an issue. This is ntrue; in the event that somebody needed to self damage, it is difficult to stop them. The equivalent is valid for the inverse, as somebody who has never at any point viewed self as hurting is exceptionally improbable to attempt it Just on the grounds that they found out about it at school. Companion pressure, be that as it may, is extraordinary. On the off chance that one high schooler is self hurting, all things considered, one of their companions is self hurting. Educators have likewise communicated worries that if self mischief was more discussed, understudies would blame self damage so as to leave school, or to swear by schoolwork. Medical clinic staff voices comparative worries about the shame encircle self mischief. On the off chance that it was alright for self mischief to be tossed about in the public eye in such a Jokingly way, more individuals would be in crisis rooms mentioning care for the injuries that they exacted upon themselves. One medical caretaker expressed she accepts those with self dispensed injuries have the right to hurt as they ought to of known the results of their activities. Requesting help is now and again unthinkable for the individuals who self mischief. While there is a lot of data on the web, there are not many individuals in all actuality to converse with. In the event that somebody can not ask an educator, advisor, or specialist for help, their self damage could turn out to be dynamically more awful

How to Find and Apply for International Jobs

How to Find and Apply for International Jobs Does your heart yearn abroad? Are you looking to develop your career further by going after an international job? The world is much more interconnected today and organizations of all sizes are becoming increasingly international. It’s not odd anymore to find yourself in a different country, doing the job you love. © Shutterstock.com | Photo AfricaIn this guide, we will provide you advice on how to find international jobs and to apply for them. We’ll provide tips and best practices to guarantee your job search goes as smoothly as possible.STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE TO FINDING INTERNATIONAL JOBSLet’s start by examining the steps you should take in order to find international jobs.Step 1: Identify your goalFirst, you should start by identifying your goal. You need to have some sort of understanding of what you want to do and where you would like to go. This can narrow down your search and give it more direction.The two questions, where do you want to go and what do you want to do, can be partially answered by looking at the following points:Where do I want to go? Determine the answer by examining your language skills. While a high number of international jobs only require English language proficiency these days, you should use your possible language skills as an advantage. consider any knowledge you already have of a particular country. Perhaps you spent a gap year in Spain or you studied under an exchange program in France. Consider both where you’d want to move, as well as any experience or skills you might have, which can be useful for a specific country.What do I want to do? You should then examine the kind of opportunities the country of your choice offers in terms of industries. For example, certain countries might be at the forefront of green technology, which is where your career goals lie, and this means it might be an attractive choice for you. Ideally, you want to find a country you are passionate about, but which also supports your career goals. Ensure you have a career development plan in place and use it as a guide for finding the right country.Finally, when you are determining the country you want to start looking at, don’t overlook the personal side of moving abroad. It’s important to answer questions, such as:How far are you from home? If you are leaving behind a lot of close friends and family, you might suddenly find the huge distance a problem.How difficult is it to relocate your life there? It’s a good idea to have some sense of the relocation process at this early point. We’ll provide detailed tips later, but do light research into visa requirements, work permits and the overall cost of living.Do you have a good understanding of the culture and the lifestyle? The wonderful thing about the world is its diverse culture. But experiencing these differences is completely distinct when you move from one culture to another; it’s not a holiday. If the cultures are widely different, then it’s important to understand the main differences and carefully consider how they make you feel.Step 2: Research your desired job and countryOnce you’ve identified your career objectives and you’ve decided on the location you’d like to move to, it’s time to start further research. You want to be on top of everything to ensure a smooth t ransition and an easier search process.Create a spreadsheet to keep up with the information you are bound to gather in the following weeks and months. It’s a good idea to have two separate files: one for work-related information and the other for country-specific details.In the work-related file, you should include details of any job titles and positions you find during the search. Add only the ones that are of interest and collect information such as:The titleThe skills required for the roleThe qualifications needed in the roleThis provides you a better understanding of the available positions, as well as the kind of general skillset the country’s companies seem to be searching for.You should also start collecting information on potential employers. For companies, you should add information on:The company nameThe location of the company (include the main location and few others, for instance)Contact details of the HR departmentThe hiring process (you can usually find informatio n on whether the jobs are announced on the company’s website or if they use recruitment agencies)Any possible contacts you might know of (check your network to find out if you happen to know people, who either work in the organization or have worked there in the past)Your second focus file should include information about the country. If you have already set your eyes on a big city, you can also include city-specific information on your file. The main points to cover are:Work eligibility requirementsWhere to apply for these and do you need to have a guaranteed job before applying?Residency requirementsDo you need a visa? Cover the visa issues also with possible work interviews in mind.If you have a family, can you get visas to them easily?What is the average cost of living in your chosen country/city?Keep this in mind when looking at salaries.Do you have enough savings to get started?You can naturally include any other interesting points to all of the above files. The more informa tion you gather, the easier the process will be.Step 3: Determine the job-search toolsWhen it comes to starting your actual job search, the tools available are multiple. You have two main routes to use: online job search and offline job search. You can freely decide which method to emphasize. But it’s beneficial to use a combination of routes, as this provides you with a wider search.The online job search tools you need to keep in mind are:Job sitesCompany websites and social media profiles.Cold contacting the above companies by emailing them about job openings.Networking online through social media and LinkedIn.The offline job search tools you should consider include:Cold contact, such as calling the HR departments directly.Attending international job fairs.Networking with friends and acquaintances.Checking for job ads on foreign newspapers and trade journals.Contacting international recruitment agencies.Step 4: Polish your skillsSince you’ve gathered information on the possibl e job postings, you should have a better idea of how your current skills and qualifications match with these roles. Compare the position’s requirements with your own CV to see what are some of the things you could still polish.During the comparison, mark down any skills you think might prove to be weak during the job search and interviews. You can then start considering the different ways you can develop these skills further.Being aware of your skillset in terms of jobs you’d like to apply for can help you be more successful. It’s much better to spend a few months developing skills, then to start applying for jobs only to be rejected.At this point, it’s auspicious to focus on your language skills. Even if you don’t require the local language in the workplace, knowing at least the basics can be a huge boost in job search. It helps you adapt to the local culture better and employers might find it comforting to know you aren’t totally at lost in the new country.PRACTICAL TI PS TO SEARCHING FOR INTERNATIONAL JOBSThe above outlined the steps you should take and we’ll now provide you some concrete tips to make the search process easier.#1: Networking is more effective than online applicationsNetworking is more effective in finding roles and being hired than relying solely on online applications. It’s therefore crucial to up your networking efforts when searching for international jobs. This isn’t to say you shouldn’t look for jobs online or to avoid applying for them through the ‘traditional methods’. But your best bet for landing your dream job is through networking.You should start your efforts by using your existing contacts as the starting point. Scout your LinkedIn connections to find out which contacts are connected to the industries you are aiming for. You also want to find whether you know people related to companies that came up at your initial search. Finally, you should identify anyone with connections to your desired country or job position.Check your university alumni as well and contact your university’s career and international departments. These are powerful routes to meeting up with the right contacts and the career centre can often provide concrete tips. Alumni’s are usually oozing with contacts. For example, the London Business School has each of its students connected to over 28,000 globally dispersed alumni.Finally, you should start showing up to international career fairs or industry-specific tradeshows. Find out about the fairs beforehand to identify the people you are interested to talk to and get your foot through the recruitment door. #2: Don’t forget to check with domestic companiesThe global economy has transformed a number of companies into international rather than purely local businesses. Companies often have some sort of international connection, either by having an office abroad or through third-party suppliers and contracts. Therefore, it’s a good idea to check what domestic comp anies might offer for you in terms of international opportunities.If you are already employed, check if your company has an international presence and whether you could transfer abroad within the company. You can also keep in mind any third-party companies your employer operates with.Furthermore, you should check with any companies you’ve worked in the past. You might benefit from having worked for the organization before and you could even use specific contacts within the company to your advantage.#3: Consider going abroad to conduct your searchFinally, you shouldn’t rule out conducting your search abroad, in your chosen country. Meeting with prospective employers can be somewhat easier when done face-to-face. As studies have shown, creating a positive impression often requires this physical contact.If possible, consider moving to your chosen country temporarily to conduct the job search. You can use the opportunity for improving your language skills and adapting to the culture . Keep in mind the option might require you to spend some of your savings, although you could work basic jobs during the job search or consider freelancing online.But you could also move abroad by interning for a foreign company, which could easily see you find a permanent position afterwards. This is especially suitable alternative for recent graduates. Other option is to volunteer in your chosen location while searching for a paid position.HOW TO APPLY FOR INTERNATIONAL JOBSNow that you’ve started with finding international jobs, lets look at the specific things you should do when applying for these roles.Step 1: Perfect your CVYour CV or resume will be the most crucial tool you have when applying for international jobs. While it is the key to being hired, you also need to remember the employer or recruiter is unlikely to examine it for longer than 15 to 30 seconds at the start. You therefore, need to focus on perfection and the ability to grab the attention.You should ensure yo ur CV stands out from the crowd. The secrets for doing that include:A good and informative headline:“Over 20 years in customer service”“Training expert | Business Analyst | Social Collaboration”“Technical Editor | Writer open to Creative and Writing and Editing Opportunities”Place your personal statement right at the top and include a short section, where you outline your career objectives. This can help the employer understand where you are aiming to get in your career.On-point bullet pointsAdd sections to clarify what you are trying to say:A section for qualificationsA section for achievementsA section for skillsTailor the CV with the job in mind. You should emphasize skills and achievements highlighted in the job posting and omit the ones that aren’t important for the specific role.Furthermore, you need to tailor your CV to country-specific standards. Countries tend to have small differences in what they emphasize in a CV and it’s a good idea to be aware of these. For example, in the UK, you should never include a photo to your CV, whilst in France and Germany this is often expected.[slideshare id=46173277doc=awesomeresumetemplates-150323094821-conversion-gate01w=640h=330]Step 2: Be flexibleYou need to be flexible when applying for international roles. Not only is it important to be conscious of the time difference, but you also need to consider the limitations for contact. So, don’t just call companies when it’s appropriate in your current location, as it might well mean they are all asleep.Use all forms of communication from post to telephone, especially if you are applying for a job in a country with restricted resources.If you have an interested employer looking to contact you, try to accommodate to the employer’s needs. This might mean you need to wake up to talk about business at 3am in the morning, but you should do it if you want the job. If you do have to wake up in an awkward time, wake up at least an hour before the call. Th is gives you enough time to really wake up your brain to ensure you are at your sharpest during the call.Finally, don’t rule out the option of flying to the country for job interviews. Certain employers might prefer this and you should gather some savings in advance to cater for this if required.Step 3: Follow up with companies and recruitment agenciesThe biggest mistake to make as a job seeker is to send your CV and sit around waiting for the call. As mentioned above, networking is the best way to find a suitable role overseas and staying in contact with the employer or recruiter will enhance your chances of being noted.If you emailed your resume to a company, don’t end your email by saying “I look forward to hearing from you”. Instead showcase your willingness to be the active party and say, “I can contact you on Friday morning to see if you have any questions”. On Friday morning, follow-up on your plan and call the recruiter or the company. It shows initiative and rea l interest towards the specific position.Furthermore, if you end up in an interview, but you don’t land the job, don’t forget to follow-up afterwards. You should always reply and thank the company for the opportunity. You could even ask if they can provide you with tips for future interviews and to provide feedback on your performance. Most crucially, don’t forget to state that the company can freely contact you if another similar opportunity arises in the future.Step 4: Prepare well for the interviewsYour international job applications will hopefully land you a number of interview requests. It’s therefore important to focus your energies in preparing for them.First, research the interview process in your chosen country, as these can also differ between countries. You can often find information online and you could check up with any international recruitment agencies you work with. In addition, your network contacts operating in the country can provide plenty of insights int o the interview process.It’s also important to study the business culture of the country. For example, the amount of physical contact you should make can differ from country to country. Whilst handshake might work in certain situations, there are cultures where you might want to avoid this.Furthermore, the specific business culture might approach certain things differently. In the US, personal accomplishments are key and should be emphasized in an interview. On the other hand, in Brazil your ability to be part of a team is much more important and the respect of hierarchy is key, not your personal abilities.Prepare yourself well, even if you are having a phone interview. Dress up smart, although the interviewer might not see you, as professional attire can give you more confidence.PRACTICAL TIPS FOR APPLYING FOR INTERNATIONAL JOBSFinally, let’s look at some practical tips you should keep in mind when applying for international jobs.Be culturally sensitiveYou need to be aware of t he culture you are ‘applying’ for, not only to avoid mistakes during the application process, but also to ensure you like your new country if you get a job.Indeed, cultural awareness will aide you in two ways.First, it helps you to understand the culture in terms of doing business and the daily aspects of living in the country. You’ll be better prepared for the differences and you can avoid countries that don’t suit your personal lifestyle altogether. For instance, a strictly religious society such as Dubai might not be the right fit for all, while others might be more than happy to live there.Second, by showcasing your cultural awareness and adaptability, you are highlighting your potential to the employer. If they see you are aware of the culture, they might consider you as a less risky hire. After all, they don’t want to you to quit your job few months later, just because you didn’t fit in. Be persistentJust like any job hunt, finding an international job won’t be e asy. In fact, it can often take a lot more out of you to apply for these international roles. But you need to remain persistent and put your effort into those networking opportunities.Create yourself a daily strategy to stay on the right track. You should have two schedules. One for research, which means you spend some time every day looking for new opportunities, understanding the hurdles of moving abroad and those cultural differences. If you make new discoveries, always add a follow-up to your calendar.The second schedule should be for contacting companies and recruitment agencies. Ensure you stay in touch, even if it’s just to ask tips or news about recent openings.Start with the practicalities as early as possibleFinally, you’ll need to deal with a lot of paperwork and other practicalities if you eventually move to a new country. Start researching this information as soon as you start thinking about finding an international job to guarantee you don’t need to deal with all at once.Find out about visa and other residency and work permit requirements. Visit the country’s immigration bureau online and contact your local consulate for more information. Start working on this paperwork even if you don’t have a job yet. Having the paperwork ready, and partly filled, can save you from a lot of stress later on.Don’t focus all of your efforts on these permits and paperwork, but also focus on the every day life things. Start researching the different areas in the city to find out about the housing and its costs. Look at the country’s healthcare options and any possible insurance you need to take. Sorting out these things little by little will ensure you have more time to apply for the jobs.As a final thought, check out this interesting video on the topic: Working Abroad â€" Global Jobs Life with a Purpose:

The Foreign Exchange Regulation Act - 1954 Words

The Foreign Exchange Regulation Act or FERA, passed by the Parliament in 1973, was framed to eradicate crimes relating to foreign exchange in the country , such that the economic development, which was still in its pre-liberalization era and thus slow, was not adversely affected. It was also to preserve the scarce Forex or foreign exchange currency in the country and hence tried to keep a strict control on these particular resources. However, it was repealed and replaced by the Foreign Exchange Management Act (1999) to reinforce and fortify the development and the maintenance of the foreign exchange resources in the country. It was more extensive, comprehensive and since the floodgates of the economy had opened after liberalization in 1991, had more scope to actually reinvigorate the availability of foreign exchange in the country. This act, in essence, was formed to keep in check the foreign exchange resources in the country and hence all business deals involving foreign exchange need to be authorized by the Government. It is drastic in nature as it does not allow arbitrary trade in foreign exchange of any form, as this is a resource that needs to be willfully protected. Under this Act, Lalit Modi had performed a number of violations. He accepted a deposit of â‚ ¹ 200 million from UK-based Emerging Media (IPL), in contravention of FEMA, where other BCCI officials were also involved. He also contravened the provisions of Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) to theShow MoreRelatedRegulation Of Foreign Investment On China1235 Words   |  5 PagesRegulation of foreign investment in China Foreign investment in china has been adversely affected by the global economic and financial crisis since 2008. In the first 6 months of the year 2009, foreign investment in china dropped by 17.9%. There has been a notion that china does not well receive foreign investors compared to the past. Reports of abolishment of special treatment for foreign investors have been reported. However we all agree that regulation of foreign investment is important to ensureRead MoreBank of China: Chinese Central Bank861 Words   |  4 Pagesinternational exchange bank and specialised international trade bank. Fulfilling its commitment to serving the public and developing Chinas financial services sector, the Bank rose to a leading position in the Chinese financial industry and developed a good standing in the international financial community. In 1994, the Bank was transformed into a wholly state-owned commercial bank. In August 2004, Bank of China Limited was incorporated. 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What Is the Definition of Emphasis in Art

Emphasis is a principle of art which occurs any time an element of a piece is given dominance by the artist. In other words, the artist makes part of the work stand out in order to draw the viewers eye there first. Why Is Emphasis Important? Emphasis is used in art to attract the viewers attention to a particular area or object. This is typically the focal point or main subject of the artwork. For instance, in a portrait painting, the artist usually wants you to see the persons face first. They will use techniques such as color, contrast, and placement to make sure that this area is where your  eye is attracted to first. Any piece of art may have more than one area of emphasis. However, one typically dominates over all others. If two or more are given equal importance, your eye does not know how to interpret it. This confusion may lead you to not enjoy an otherwise good piece of work. Subordination is used to describe the secondary or accent elements of the artwork. While artists emphasize the focal point, they can also de-emphasize the other elements to ensure the main subject stands out. An artist may, for instance, use red on the subject while leaving the rest of the painting in very muted browns. The viewers eye is automatically drawn to this pop of color. One might argue that all worthy works of art employ emphasis. If a piece lacks this principle, it may seem  monotonous and boring to the eye. However, some artists play with the lack of emphasis on purpose and use it to create a visually impactful piece. Andy Warhols Campbells Soup Cans (1961) are a perfect example of the lack of emphasis. When the series of canvases are hung on the wall, the entire assembly lacks any real subject. Yet, the magnitude of the collections repetition leaves an impression nonetheless. How Artists Add Emphasis Frequently, an emphasis  is achieved by means of contrast. Contrast can be achieved in a variety of ways and artists often employ more than one technique in a single piece. A contrast in color, value, and texture can certainly draw you to a particular area. Likewise, when one object is significantly larger or in the foreground, it becomes the focal point because the perspective or depth draw us in.   Many artists will also strategically place their subject in the composition in areas that are known to attract attention. That may be directly in the center, but more often than not it is off to one side or another. It might also be isolated from other elements through placement, tone, or depth. Yet another way to add emphasis is to use repetition. If you have a series of similar elements then interrupt that pattern in some way, that naturally gets noticed. Looking for Emphasis As you study art, remain mindful of emphasis. Look at how each piece of art naturally directs your eye around the piece. What techniques did the artist use to achieve this? What did they want you to see at first glance?   Sometimes the emphasis is very subtle and at other times it is anything but. These are the little surprises that artists leave us and discovering them is what makes creative works so interesting. Sources and Further Reading Ackerman, Gerald M. Lomazzos Treatise on Painting. The Art Bulletin 49.4 (1967): 317–26. Print.Galenson, David W. Painting Outside the Lines: Patterns of Creativity in Modern Art. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001.Mayer, Ralph. The Artists Handbook of Materials and Techniques. 3rd ed. New York: Viking Press, 1991.

Jamaica Kincaid Free Essays

And Then It All Died In Jamaica Kincaid’s short story, â€Å"On Seeing England for the First Time,† reality and idea are distinguished. More often than not, the idea of something is and it’s reality are not compatible, and we see this kind of discovery most often when growing up, and when comparing my idea of adulthood with the reality, I feel the same kind of resentment Kincaid has towards England. Jamaica Kincaid does an excellent job building up her expectations of England and then showing the disappointment she feels when she finally gets there. We will write a custom essay sample on Jamaica Kincaid or any similar topic only for you Order Now I think the way she introduces the topic of England is excellent because she is able to give background into her thinking and thus make the experience a little more real. By shining a little light into her childhood impressions of England she is able to accurately convey what she is expects England to be like. The glowing descriptions of England that she is given by her grammar school teacher, her recollection of how everything on the island she was raised on was named after something English, and her youthful consumption of nothing but English goods all paint a picture portraying England as the land of milk and honey. She is able to build England up to be this heaven-like place. At the same time she uses excellent imagery and descriptive storytelling to convey her disappointment in England when she gets there. Kincaid says that, â€Å"the space between the idea of something and it’s reality is always wide and deep and dark† (370). This is a hard truth that everyone learns at some point. All of her life, Kincaid has been forced to live life the â€Å"English way†, and for a part of her childhood she didn’t even question it, it just was, until she felt suffocated by it. Much like adulthood, everyone expects certain ideals from you once you reach a certain age. You grow up thinking that you have to graduate, and then go to college, then get a job and enter the real world. This was the system we are greeted with as soon as we can comprehend it. Much like how Kincaid was introduced to this idea of living the English way. Everything was dictated by this mentality that the English ruled, and it was better for her anyway. Kincaid had said, â€Å"If now as I speak of all this I give the impression of someone on the outside looking in, nose pressed up against a glass window all right, but there was an iron vise at the back of my neck forcing my head to stay in place† (369). She never had a choice in how she lived her life, she was being held to this lifestyle with no choice. As teenagers we get our first dose of expectations and we accept it. Why is it in America it’s not acceptable to take a year off? Why do we have this mentality that there is an order to do things, and why is this order filled with milestones that are so specific? We are raised to think things, without being explained to about it, and without having control. The truth of the matter is once we hit the age of eighteen, most of us don’t know what we want to do with our hair in the morning, let alone our future. When looking at the order of how things should go, and comparing it to the reality of your own timeline, you end up feeling disappointed in yourself. You also doubt yourself. You hear about something all your life and when you come face to face to it, the feeling is not what it should be. When Kincaid visits England, physically, she has already built a hatred for it. All the power it possessed within her life, and how it inadvertently controlled her, made her bias. She visits and learns that England is just as bleak as she thought it would be. â€Å"In me, the space between the idea of it and its reality had become filled with hatred,† Kincaid had written (371). Visiting had only bridged her ideal with her reality. Her resentment only built from there. Just as how when reaching adulthood, I realized that reality is a lot more complicated and uglier. This idea of growing up was supposed to be far more glamorous, like how it was advertised throughout my childhood, but reality is always crueler. While there were some other themes in this piece, the one I connected with most was the gap between idea and reality. As we grow up we learn so much about how life should be, and when we get there, it never ends up as we thought it would. It’s a harsh lesson to learn, but it’s one we all go through. How to cite Jamaica Kincaid, Papers

Bbq Restaurant Swot Analysis free essay sample

Corky’s Barbecue Restaurants SWOT Analysis Louis Gladney MGT 450 Professor Darryl Jones July 30, 2012 Corky’Barbecue Restaurants SWOT Analysis Corky’s Barbecue (BBQ) is one of the oldest BBQ restaurants in the Memphis, Tennessee area who is well known for its great tasting and unique flavor. The BBQ business is one of the most competitive businesses in the South and with the complexity and ever changing environment we live in, competition is at its highest level ever. Even when the economy fluctuates, they are generally able to sustain a positive cash flow and remain profitable because they provide a service that is in constant demand by the public. In today’s business world almost everyone can understand and relate to the principle of offering a better product than what their competitors can offer. According to Youssef (2012), SWOT is an acronym that stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats and it is an analysis of the internal strengths and weaknesses, as well as the external opportunities and threats, in an organization’s environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Bbq Restaurant Swot Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This paper will outline the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that could affect Corky’s Barbecue. Before conducting a SWOT analysis, you and your staff should compile a few questions to ask and then address them accordingly. Some of the questions are as followed: Strengths: 1) What sets you apart from your competitors; 2) what products do you offer; and 3) is the staff knowledgeable and skilled? Weakness: 1) Do you have too much debt and adequate cash flow to sustain; 2) what areas need improving; 3) what expertise/manpower do you currently lack; Opportunities: 1) What external changes open up doors for interesting opportunities; 2) is there an unmet need or want you can target; and 3) what type of trends or technology can impact our industry; Threats: 1) Is there a better equipped competitor in your industry; 2) is the staff satisfied or could they be persuaded to work for the competition; and 3) what if there is a natural disaster, your website is hacked, or you are sued? With a SWOT analysis it will help you see how your strengths stack up against your competitors weaknesses while suggesting ways to take advantage of the many opportunities in the marketplace. The quality of the match between the strengths and weaknesses helps managers determine the broad areas for business development and supports decisions regarding allocation of scarce business resources among segments (Sandler, 2012). With that being said, â€Å"Here is the SWOT analysis for Corky’s BBQ restaurant. |Strengths |Weaknesses | |- Employees are knowledgeable of job.

Les Miserables - How Society Affects Human Nature Essays

Les Miserables - How Society Affects Human Nature In Les Miserables, Victor Hugo portrays human nature in a neutral state. Humans are born with neither good nor bad instincts, but rather society affects our actions and thoughts. Hugo portrays the neutral state of mind through Jean Valjean and Cosette. The two extremes of good and evil are represented through Th?nardier and the bishop. Good and evil coexists in the society and affects Valjean and Cosette. It is the two extremes of good and evil that dictate the lives of Valjean and Cosette. The bishop represents charity and love. Everything he's ever had, he gave to charity. When the bishop first met Valjean, he said, "You need not tell me who you are. This is not my house; it is the house of Christ. It does not ask any comer whether he has a name, but whether he has an affliction. You are suffering; you are hungry and thirsty; be welcome. And do not thank me; do not tell me that I take you into my house..... whatever is here is yours." (pg. 15-16) The bishop didn't look at him as a convict; he looked at him as a fellow brother. Later, when the bishop found out that Valjean stole his silver, he wasn't mad, but offered all of his silver to Valjean saying, "Don't forget that you promised me to use this silver to become an honest man." Th?nardier, on the other hand, is the exact opposite of the bishop. He represents the corruptive nature of society. He's the one that changes people for the bad. An example of how Th?nardier represents greed and evil is how he mistreated Cosette when he was taking care of her. He made her wash and clean, while letting his kids run around and play. Th?nardier took advantage of Cosette's mother, Fantine. He kept on asking her for more money, when in fact he didn't really need it. When it was cold, Th?nardier told Fantine that her daughter was cold and they needed money for a wool skirt. This was just an excuse to get money. Also, Th?nardier billed Fantine forty francs to cure a fever that Cosette had supposedly contracted (pg. 56). Fantine had to sell her hair and teeth just to meet Th?nardier's demands. Later, she had to become a prostitute because she didn't have enough money. Jean Valjean was affected by society in many ways. Valjean was poor and needed to feed his family, so he stole a loaf of bread. Consequently, he was sentenced to five years in jail. Trying to escape, Valjean's sentence was lengthened to nineteen years. The harsh treatment that Valjean received from prison corrupted the goodness inside of him and turned him into a bad person. If he wasn't poor, he wouldn't have had to steal. As a result, society beat down on him. Jean Valjean struggled to survive, living in poverty. When he got out of prison, he walked twelve leagues from Toulon (page 13) to Paris, but the people refused to give him a room. Valjean went to all the Inns, but everyone, knowing that he was an ex-convict, refused him. After time, society changed Valjean's human nature. He became good with the help of the bishop. At first, Valjean thought he would always be looked upon as a convict, so he was bad and stole. Valjean described himself as "less than a dog" (pg. 9; 1961 ver.) His last criminal deed was when he stole the coin from little Gervais (pg. 31). When Valjean became M. Madeleine and M. Leblanc, he was good and gave lots of charity. The bishop gave Valjean a sense of hope. He gave him a whole new life. Valjean couldn't have changed without the help of the bishop. Cosette was affected by human nature in many ways as well. She experienced both goodness and evil. At first, Cosette's environment was harsh, therefore, she was harsh. When Cosette lived with Th?nardier, she was deprived of her childhood. Cosette was forced to do all the chores. Thinking that she was a slave child, Cosette had low self-esteem and thought of herself as displeasing and ugly. When Cosette moved in with Valjean,

The laws Governing Marijuana essays

The laws Governing Marijuana essays In todays day and age certain American laws are or seem to be flawed a bit. The legal system is in place to serve and protect. We are guaranteed certain freedoms as Americans, but the reality is we really arent all that free. The legalization of marijuana is a pressing issue in our socioety today. It is in Americas best interest to examine its laws on this matter. There is no need for complete and total legalization on all forms. However there is a need for decriminalization and tolerance. The law should be changed and reexamined. As the law stands it is unlawful for any American to posses, grow, or smoke marijuana. No one should be allowed to grow marijuana, except for government-licensed growers. The growers should distribute the product as they see fit, but only to businesses. By the time marijuana reaches the publics hands it should be heavily taxed, much in the same way as tobacco. The money the government could make on the taxes alone would get the national debt in a better standing. The goal would be for the government to control all aspects of production and distrobution. With this new law in place the idea would be to erase black markets sales. Any black market sales should be strictly dealt with in a legal way. This is something that is in place today in our country. These punishments should actually strengthen, and hopefully scare peopl for the black market. In that event people would be less likely to buy black market product, and and the same time be less likely to sell as well. This could further progress this law along the way. Marijuana being illegal actually increases the national debt. This may not seem like a big deal to you, but in the eyes of many Americans it is. Billions of dollars go out every year in black market purchases of marijuana. The government could make those billions back easily if they legalized and taxed this product. Most illegal drugs can be or are l...

Final Evaluation about ART Appreciation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Final Evaluation about ART Appreciation - Essay Example Written thoughts differ from oral expressions by their clarity and organization. When people write about arts, they tend to be more accurate in their assessment and appreciation. I believe that I have significantly improved my writing skills during this semester. Considering the fact that all areas of research require writing, I will definitely use these skills further. 3. Were you able to develop your research skills in this course? What was the most helpful information this course gave you in terms of conducting high quality research? How do your skills compare now to how they were when you first started the course? This course gave me many chances to developed research skills and tried to use them all. A lot of assignment required additional research in journals and other academic publications to do assignment. I did my best to find relevant information and use it in my research assignment and I learned where I could find information I needed. Yes, I will continue studying arts because I really feel that I am interested to learn more. It is amazing when one able not only to see art but to understand it as well. This course gave me the opportunity to develop this art understanding. I liked the approach to art promoted by this course. It was relevant to pay attention to formal features and to historical background of each work we studied. This approach was great because it developed deep background knowledge and patience to

Book review over Auschwitz A History by Sybille Steinbacher Essay

Book review over Auschwitz A History by Sybille Steinbacher - Essay Example Toxic gas, forced labor and starvation were a major cause of many deaths to those who opposed the Nazis rule or regime leading to the biggest graveyard in human history. This work seeks to review and assess SteinBacher’s historic on the origin of the concentration camps in the Germany. According to Steinbacher (7), he argues that Auschwitz was not a single camp but added up to 39 camps. This being a few weeks after the Nazis started ruling, the local civilian and the police created several camps all over Germany to detain those who opposed the ruling. There were numerous camps including Oranienburg, Esterwegen in Harmburg, Dachau in the northwest of Munich and Lichtenburg. These camps operated as an extermination center and industries which used slave forced labor with the Jews being inflicted with all forms of atrocities. It had never occurred before in a European nation such inhuman atrocities of entire people. Hitler the Nazi leader ordered the extermination of all Jews wit hout any favor even to the newborns. Estimates of 1.1 million people were believed to have suffered and died before the closure of the camps. The first concentration camp was constructed to confine Polish prisoners who started arriving in Germany from May 1940 with the first extermination taking place in September 1941. The camps were staffed by 6,500 – 7,000 Germans in the course of war and about 15% of them were later convicted of war crimes. On 27th January, 1944 the prisoners remaining in the camps were liberated (Steinbacher 32); it is believed and agreed by most historians that Auschwitz was as a result of the worst murderers legislative known to the history of Europe. According to Nuremberg Laws of 1935, the Jews were turned into biological vermin to be eradicated from the state of Aryan. Steinbacher (54) makes it clear that Stalinist Russia never had equivalent wretched servile and in his self explanatory memoir of Kommandant Hoss in Auschwitz remembers disturbing eve nts that evolved in the Auschwitz gas chambers. He continues to elaborate that the fact became so refined under Hoss that the condemned remained cheated until they were shut behind the doors of the fake shower rooms. According to Steinbacher, once people were dictated upon and deprived of their humanity it would become easy to kill them, a fact that modern dictators have known. The Jews who were enclosed in cattle trucks were very worn out by their journey that they were not considered as humans but as slaughter animals. Auschwitz personnel feigned their innocence about the moral consequences of their work by confining to their competence in their jobs of maintaining accurate arrivals records and train departure. Rees (Para. 5) believes that this is a powerful historical coverage by finding Steinbacher information relevant to what happened in Auschwitz. Steinbacher continues to win applause from most historians who agree that Auschwitz was as a result of most murderous legislative d ocument recorded in the history of Europe. This makes it clear that Steinbacher work is proved beyond reasonable doubt to be true. In conclusion, Steinbacher gives the chronological origin of concentration camps in Germany with the majority of those suffering the atrocities being Jews. He shows how the concentration camps came into being, how people suffered and those concentration camp's staff personnel pretending not to recognize the pain they were causing to

Ethical and legal level of counseling

Ethical and legal level of counseling 1. The concept of ethics and legal Ethics is generally defined as a philosophical discipline that is concerned with human conduced and moral decision making (Van Hoose, 1985). Ethics are normative in nature and focus on principles and standards that govern relationship between individuals, such as those between counselors and clients. Morality, however, involves judgment or evaluation of action. It is associated with such words as good, bad, right, wrong ought, and should (grant, 1992). Counselors have morals, and the theories counselors employ have embedded within them moral presuppositions about human nature that explicitly and implicitly question first What is a person and second, what should a person be or become? (Christopher, 1996) For improving the ethical and legal level of counseling, first, the counselor needs to understand what the word ethical means. Before the first counseling session, the counselor should realize how important about making good professional decisions that are both ethics and legal while being helpful to his or her clients. According to the Websters New World Dictionary (1980), it means 1. having to do with ethics; or of conforming to moral standards, 2. conforming to professional standards of conduct. Notice that these two definitions are distinctly different. This first is a personal phenomenon that is, what is moral is decide most often by individuals. In contrast, the second encompasses behaviors that are considered ethical by some professional group. In the mental health profession, that group could be the American Counseling Association (ACA), or the American Psychological (APA), just to name a few. 2. The development of codes of ethics for counselors The first counseling code of ethics was developed by the American Counseling Association (ACA) (Then the American Personnel and Guidance Association, or APGA) based on the original American Psychological Association code of ethics (Allen, 1986). The initial ACA code was initiated by Donald Super and approved in 1961 (Callis Pope, 1982). It has been revised periodically since that time. The ACA also produces A Practitioners Guide to Ethical Decision Making, video conferences on resolving leading-edge ethical dilemmas (Salo Hamilton, 1996), and an Ethical Standards Casebook (Herlihy Corey, 1996). The ACAs latest ethics code is entailed a Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice. This code is one of the major signs that counseling has developed into a mature discipline because professions are characterized, among other things, by a claim to specialized knowledge and a code of ethics. In the CAC, ethics standards are arranged under topical sectional headings. They contain material similar to that found in many other ethical codes, yet they are unique to the profession of counseling. 3. Following the Guideline for Acting Ethically For improving the higher level of the ethics of counseling, the counselors should follow guideline for acting ethically. Swanson (1983) lists guidelines for assessing whither counselors act in ethically responsible ways. The first is personal and professional honest. Counselors need to operate openly with themselves and those with whom they work. Hidden agendas or unacknowledged feelings hinder relationship and place counselors on shaky ethical ground. One way to overcome personal and professional honest problems that may get in the way of acting ethically is to receive supervision (Kitchener, 1994). The second guideline is acting in the best interest of clients. This ideal is easier to discuss than achieve. At times, a counselor may impose personal values on client and ignore what they really want (Gladding Hool, 1974). At other times, a counselor may fail to recognize an emergency and too readily accept the idea that the clients best interest is served by doing nothing. The third guideline is that counselors act without malice or personal gain. Some clients are difficult to like or deal with, and it is win these individuals that counselors must be especially careful. However, counselors must be careful to avoid relationships with likable clients either on a person or professional basis. Errors in judgment are most likely to occur when the counselors self-interest becomes a part of the relationship with a client (Germaine, 1993). The final guideline is whether counselors can justify an action as the best judgment of what should be done based upon the current state of the profession (Swanson, 1983). To make such a decision, counselors must keep up with current trends by reading the professional literature; attending in-service workshops and conventions, and becoming actively involved in local, state, and national counseling activities. The ACA Ethical Standards Casebook (Herlihy Corey, 1996) contains examples in which counselors are presented with issues and case studies of questionable ethical situations and given both guidelines and questions to reflect on in deciding what an ethical response would be. Each situation involves a standard of the ethical code. As helpful as the casebook may be, in many counseling situations the proper behavior is not obvious (Gladding, 2001). For example, the question of confidentiality in balancing the individual rights of a person with AIDS and society s right to be protected from the spread of the disease in one with which some counselors struggle. Likewise, there are multiple ethical dilemmas in counseling adult survivors about what to do in a given situation, it is crucial for counselors to concern and talk over situations with colleagues, in addition to using principles, guidelines, casebooks, and professional codes of ethics. 4. Counselor Competence and Referral The ACA Code of Ethics (1995) clearly states that Counselors must practice only within the boundaries of their competence, based on their education, training, supervised experience, state and national professional credentials, and appropriate professional experience. The APA Ethical Principles (1992) makes a similar statement and adds that: Psychologists provide services, teach, or conduct research in new area or involving new techniques only after first undertaking appropriate study, training, supervision, and consultation from person who are competent in those areas or techniques. The ethical standards are quite clear regarding what a counselor should do if he is not competent to treat a certain client problem. His first and best choice is to make an appropriate referral. If there is no one to whom he can refer (which would be an exception rather than a common occurrence), then it is incumbent on he to educate himself through reading books and journal articles on the presenting problem and to seek supervision of his work with the client. The counselor has the responsibility for the welfare of the client; therefore, it is his professional duty to obtain for that client the best services possible be it from him or from a professional colleague. Clients are not subjects for your trial and error learning but deserve the best professional care possible. One of counselors responsibilities is to recognize his or her strengths and weaknesses and to offer services only in the areas of his or her strengths. Defining a counselors areas of component usually involves critical and honest self-examination. Calling this subjective component an internal perspective, Robinson and Cross caution counselors to do everything possible to gain the skills and knowledge based to the profession. Counselors need to stretch their skills continually by reading and attending to new and developing trends, through attaining postgraduate education, and through attending seminars and workshops aimed at sharpening and increasing both knowledge and skill bases. All counselors must take full responsibility for adhering to professional codes of conduct that address the concepts of proper representation of professional qualifications, for providing only those services for which they have been trained, and for seeking assistance with personal issues that are barriers to providing effective service. Regardless of the area of the area of service being discussed, counselors are the first-line judge of their professional competence. Although credentialing bodies, professional organizations, and state legislatures may set standards for practice, the counselor must be the most critical evaluator of his or her ability to provide services. This often becomes quite a challenge when ones living dependents on having clients who will pay for service. In fact, the ethical is not always the easy choice. 5. Improving Ethics Decisions Making in Counseling The making ethics decision is the crucial key for achieving a higher level of the ethics of counseling. Ethics decision making is often not easy yet is a part of being a counselor. It requires virtues such as character, integrity, and moral courage as well as knowledge (Welfel, 1998). Some counselors operate from personal ethical standards without regard to the ethical guidelines developed by professional counseling associations. They usually function well until faced with a dilemma for which there is no apparent good or best solution (Swanson, 1983). At such times, ethical issues arise and these counselors experience anxiety, doubt, hesitation, and confusion in determining their conduct. Unfortunately, when they act, their behavior may turn out to be unethical because it is not grounded in any ethical code. The researchers found five types of ethical dilemmas most prevalent among the university counselors they surveys there: a. confidentiality, b. role conflict, c. counselor competence, d. conflicts with employer or institution, and e. degree of dangerousness. The situational dilemmas that involved danger were the least difficult to resolve and those that dealt with counselor competence and confidentiality were the most difficult. The surprising finding of this study, however, was that less than over-third of the respondents indicated that they relied on published professional codes of ethics in resolving dilemmas. Instead, most used common sense, a strategy that at times may be professionally unethical and at best unwise. It is in such types of situations that need to be aware of resources for ethical decision making, especially when questions arise over controversial behaviors such as setting or collecting fees or conducting dual relationships (Gibson Pope, 1993). Ethical reasoning, the process of determining which ethical principles are involved and then prioritizing them based on the professional requirements and beliefs, is also crucial (Lanning, 1992). In making ethical decisions, counselors should take actions based on careful, reflective thought about responses they think are professionally right in particular situations (Tennyson Strom, 1992). Several ethical principles relate to the actives and ethical choices of counselors: Beneficence (doing well and preventing harm), Non malfeasance (not inflicting harm), Autonomy (respecting freedom of choice and self-determination), Justice (fairness), and Fidelity (faithfulness or honoring commandments) (Herlihy, 1996). All these principles involve conscious decision making by counselors throughout the counseling process. Of these principles, some experts identify non malfeasance as the primary ethical responsibility in the field of counseling. Non malfeasance not only involves the removal of present harm but the prevention of future harm and passive avoidance of harm. It is the basis on which counselors respond to clients who may endanger themselves or others and why they respond to colleagues unethical behavior. 5.1 Educating Counselors in Ethical Decision Making Ethical can be improving in many ways, but one of the beat is through course offering that are now required in most graduate counseling programs and available for continuing education credit. Such courses can bring about significant attitudinal changes in students and practicing professionals, impairment, and multiculturalism (Coll, 1993). Because ethical attitudinal changes are related to ethical behavioral changes, courses in ethics on any level are extremely valuable. Van Hoose (1979) conceptualizes the ethical behavior of counselors in terms of a five-stage developmental continuum of reasoning: Punishment orientation. At this stage the counselor believes external social standards are the basis for judging behavior. If clients or counselors violate a societal rule, they should be punished. Institutional orientation. Counselors who operate at this stage believe in and abide by the rules of the institutions for which they work. They do not question the rules and base their decisions on them. Societal orientation. Counselors at this stage base decisions on societal standards. If a question arises about whether the needs of society or an individual should come first, the needs of society are always given priority. Individual orientation. The individuals needs receive top priority at this stage. Counselors are aware of society needs and are concerned about the law, but they focus on what is best for the individual. Principle (conscience) orientation. In this stage concern for the individual is primary. Ethical decisions are based on internalized ethical standards, not external considerations. As Welfel and Lipsitz (1983) point out, the work of Van Hoose and Paradise is especially important because it is the first conceptual model in the literature that attempts to explain how counselors reason about ethical issues. It is heuristic (i.e., research able or open to research) and can form the basis gor empirical studies of promotion of ethical behavior. Several other models have been proposed for educating counselors in ethical decision making. Based on Gumaer and Scott (1985), for instance, offer a method for training group workers based on the ethical guidelines of the association for specialists in group work. This method uses case vignettes and Carkhuffs three-goal, model of helping: self-expectation, self-understanding, and action. Kicherner (1986) proposes an integrated model of goals and components for an ethics education curriculum based on research on the psychological processes underlying moral behavior and current thinking in applied ethics. Her curriculum includes counselors to ethical issues, improving their abilities to make ethical judgments, encourage responsible ethical actions and tolerating the ambiguity of ethical decision making (Kitchener, 1986). Her model and one proposed are process oriented and assume that counselors do not learn to make ethical decisions on their own. Pelsma and Borgers (1986) particularly emphasize the how as opposed to what of ethics that is, how to reason ethically in a constantly changing field. Other practitioner guide for making ethical decisions are a seven-step decision making model based on a synthesis of the professional literature, a nine-step ethical decision-making models follow based on critical-evaluative judgments and seven other models created between 1984 and 1998 (cottone Claus, 2000). These ethical decision-making models follow explicit steps or stages and are often used for specific areas of counseling practice. However, through empirical comparisons and continued dialogue, the effectiveness of the models may be validated. In addition to the models already mentioned the ACA Ethics Committee offers a variety of educational experience. For example, members of the committee offer learning institutes at national and regional ACA conferences. In addition, they publish articles in the ACA newsletter. Finally, to promote counseling practices, the committee through ACA publishes a type counselors guide entitled: What you should know about the ethical practice of professional counselors, which is on the ACA website as well as printed (Williams Freeman, 2002). 6. Focus on Clients Rights When clients enter a counseling relationship, they have a right to assume that you are competent. In addition, they have certain rights, known as client rights, as well as responsibilities. These rights have their foundation in the Bill of Rights, particularly the first and fourth amendment of the constitution of the United States, which are freedom of religion, speech, and the press and right of petition and freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures, respectively. The concept of confidentiality, privileged communication, and informed consent are based on the fourth amendment, which guarantees privacy. Privacy has been defined as the freedom of individuals to choose for themselves the time and the circumstances under which and the extent to which their beliefs, behaviors, and opinions are to be shared or withheld from others (Corey et al., 1988). 6.1 Improving Confidentiality and Privileged Communications The concept of privacy is the foundation for the clients legal right to privileged communication and counselors responsibility to hold counseling communications confidentiality is a professional concept. It is so important that both the APA (1992) Ethical principles and the ACA (1995) Code of Ethics each devote an entire section to confidentiality. However, a clients communications are not confidential in a court of law unless the mental health professional is legally certified or licensed in the state in which he or she practices. Most states grant the clients of state-certified or licensed mental health professionals (such as psychologists, professional counselors, and marriage and family therapists) the right of privileged communications. This means that clients, not counselors, have control over who has access to what they have said in therapy and protects them from having their communications disclosed in a court of law. In order for communication to be privileged, counselors should follow four conditions. First, the communication must originate in confidence that it will not be disclosed. Second, confidentiality must be essential to the full and satisfactory maintenance of the relationship. Third, in the opinion of the greater community, the relationship must be one that should be sedulously fostered. Finally, injury to the relationship by disclosure of the communication must be greater than the benefit gained by the correct disposal of litigation regarding the information. If as a counselor can claim these four conditions, then his clients communications are not only confidential, but they are also privileged and, therefore, are protected from being disclosed in a court of law. One must remember, however, that there is always a balance between a clientss right to privacy and societys need to know. Despite the importance given to confidentiality and privileged communication, pope, and Keith-Spiegel (1987) reported that 62 percent of psychologists in a national survey indicated that they had unintentionally violated a clients confidentiality and 21 percent had intentionally violated a clients confidentiality. These alarming statistics suggest that mental health professionals are at risk for violating this core ethical principle. Therefore, all mental health professionals need to be aware of the professional standards regarding confidentiality, the professional is guilty of breaching the confidentiality. Secretaries are considered extensions of the certified or licensed mental health professionals to which they are accountable. 6.2 Improving Informed Consent The ACA (1995) Code of Ethics is very specific with respect to what should be disclosed to clients in order for them to give informed consent: When counseling is initiated, and throughout the counseling process as necessary, counselors inform clients of the purposes, goals, techniques, procedures, limitations, potential risks and benefits of services to be performed, and other pertinent information. Counselors take steps to ensure that clients understand the implications of diagnosis, the intended use of tests and reports, fee, and billing arrangements. Clients have the right to expect confidentiality and be provided with an explanation of its limitations, including supervision and treatment team professionals; to obtain clear information about the case records; to participate in the ongoing counseling plans; and to refuse any recommended services and be advised on the consequences of such refusal. If a counselor is asked by a client to disclose to a third party information revealed in therapy, have the client sign an informed consent form before making any disclosure. The counselor may be surprised to learn that counselor are not even permitted to respond to inquiries about whether they are seeing a person in therapy even the clients name and status in counseling are confidential, unless the client has granted permission for this information to be released. One exception is when the client is paying for the services through an insurance company. This automatically grants the insurance company limited access to information regarding the client. The client needs to be made aware of the parameters of the information that will be shared with the insurance company prior to beginning therapy. Again, it is evident how important it is to have potential clients sign an informed consent form before they become clients. 6.3 Improving Clients Welfare All the preceding discussion rests on the permission rests on the premise that the counselors primary obligation is to protect the welfare of the client. The preamble to the APA (1992) Ethical Principles specifically states that it has as its primary goal the welfare and protection of the individuals and groups with whom psychologists work. A similar statement is made by ACA (1995) Code of Ethics: the primary responsibility of counselors is to respect the dignity and to promote the welfare and of clients. Dual relationships, counselors personal needs have already been discussed; attention now needs to be given to the third concern. An additional set of guidelines comes into play when a counselor is doing work or working with a couple or family. In a group setting, special issues include qualifications of the group leader, informed consent when more than the group leader will be participating in therapy, the limits to confidentiality and to privileged communication when third parties are present in therapy, and understanding how individuals will be protected and their growth nurtured in a group situation. Unlike individual counseling, clients who want to be involved into a group experience need to be screened before being accepted into a group. This screening not only ensures that the client is appropriate for the group but also protects other group members from a potentially dysfunctional group member. It is evident that client welfare, whether in individual therapy or in group work, rests squarely on the shoulders of the counselor. The counselor must be cognizant of the various aspects of the counseling relationship that can jeopardize the clients welfare and take the steps necessary to alleviate the situation. Robinson Kurpius and Gross offer several suggestions for safeguarding the welfare of each client: Check to be sure that you are working in harmony with any other mental health professional also seeing your client. Develop clear, written descriptions code of what clients may expert with respect to therapeutic regime, testing and reports, recordkeeping, billing, scheduling, and emergencies. Share your professional code of ethics with your clients, and prior to beginning therapy discuss the parameters of a therapeutic relationship. Know your own limitations, and do not hesitate to use appropriate referral sources. Be sure that the approaches and techniques used are appropriate for the client and that you have the necessary expertise for their use. Consider all other possibilities before establishing a counseling relationship that could be considered a dual relationship. Evaluate the clients ability to pay and when the payment of the usual fee would create a hardship. Either accept a reduced fee or assist the client in finding needed services at an affordable cost. Objectively evaluate client progress and the therapeutic relationship to determine if it is consistently in the best interests of the client. Improving the Ethics of Counseling in Some Specific Situations Counselors should check thoroughly the general politics and principles of an institution before accepting employment because employment in a specific setting implies that selves in institutions that misuse their services and do not act in the best interests of their clients, they must act either to change the institution through educational or persuasive means or find other employment. The potential for major ethical crises between a counselor and his or her employer exists in many school setting. School counselors are often used as tools by school administrators. When the possibility of conflict exists between a counselors loyalty to the employer and the client, the counselor should always attempt to find a resolution that protects the rights of the client; the ethical responsibility is to the client first and the school lore other setting second (Huey, 1986). One way school counselors can assure themselves of an ethically sound program is to realize that they may encounter multiple dilemmas in providing services to students, parents, and teachers. Therefore, before interacting with these different groups, school counselors should become families with the ethical standards of the American school counseling association, which outlines counselors responsibilities to the groups with whom they work (Henderson, 2003). One of the most common situations of counseling is about the family and marriage. The reason is that counselors are treating a number of individuals together as a system, and it is unlikely that all members of the system have the same goals. To overcome potential problems, Thomas (1994) has developed a dynamic, process-oriented framework for counselors to use when working with families. This model discusses six values that affect counselors, clients, and the counseling process: (a) responsibility, (b) integrity, (c) commitment, (d) freedom of choice, (e) empowerment, and (f) right grieves. Then, when a counselor faces the counseling of family or marriage, he or she should try to follow this framework. The use of computers and technology in counseling is another area of potential ethical difficulty. The possibilities exist for a breach of client information when computers are used to transmit information among professional counselors. Other ethically sensitive areas include client or counselor misuse and even the validity of data offered over computer links. In addition, the problem of cyber counseling or web counseling that is, counseling over the internet in which the counselor may be hundreds of miles away is fraught with ethical dilemmas. Thus, the national board of certified counselors has issued ethical guidelines regarding such conduct. Other counseling settings or situations with significant potential for ethical dilemmas include counseling the elderly, multicultural counseling, working in managed care, diagnosis of clients, and counseling research (Jencius Rotter, 1998). In all of these areas, counselors face new situations, some of which are not addressed by the ethical standards of the ACA. For instance, in working with older adults, counselors must make ethical decisions regarding the unique needs of the aging who have cognitive impairments, a terminal illness, or who have been victims of abuse. In order to do so, counselors may apply principle ethics to these situations that are based on a set of obligations that focus on finding socially and historically appropriate answers to the question: What shall I do? In other word, Is this action ethical? They may also employ virtue ethics, which focus on the character traits of the counselor and nonobligatory ideals to which professional aspire. Rather than solving a specific ethical question, virtue ethics are focused on the questions: Am I doing what is best for my client? Counselors are wise to integrate both forms of ethics reasoning into their deliberations if they wish to make the best decisions possible. In making ethical decisions where there are no guidelines, it is also critical for counselor to stay abreast of current issues, trends, and even legislation related to the situation they face. In the process, counselors must take care not to stereotype or otherwise be insensitive to clients with whom they are working. For instance, a primary emphasis of research ethics is, appropriately, on the protection of human subjects in research. In the area of research in particular, there are four main ethical issues that must be resolved: a. informed consent, b. coercion and deception, c. Confidentiality and privacy, and d. reporting the results. (Robinson Gross, 1986) All of these areas involve people whose lives are in the care of the researcher. Anticipation of problems and implementation of policies that produce humane and fair results are essential. 8. Improving the Legal Aspects of Counseling Counselors must follow specific legal guidelines in working with certain populations. But counselors may often have considerable trouble in situations in which the law is not clear or a conflict exists between the law and professional counseling ethics. Nevertheless, it is important that providers of mental health services be fully informed about what they can or cannot do legally. Such situations often involve the sharing of information among clients, counselors, and the court system. Sharing may be broken down into confidentiality, privacy, and privileged communication. Confidentiality is the ethical duty to fulfill a contract or promise that the information revealed during therapy will be protected from unauthorized disclosure. Confidentiality become a legal as well as an ethical concern if it is broken, whether intentionality or not. It is annually one of the most inquired about ethical and legal concerns received by the ACA Ethics Committee including dilemmas regarding right to privacy, clients right to privacy, and counselors avoiding illegal and unwarranted disclosures of confidential information (Williams Freeman, 2002). Privacy is an evolving legal concept that recognizes individuals rights to choose the time, circumstances, and extent to which they wish to share or withhold personal information. Clients who think they have been coerced into revealing information they would not normally disclose may seek legal recourse against a counselor. Privileged communication, a narrower concept, regulates privacy protection and confidentiality by protecting clients from having their confidential communications disclosed in court without their permission. It is defined as a clients legal right, guaranteed by statute, that confidences originating in a therapeutic relationship will be safeguarded (Arthur Swanson, 1993). Most states recognize and protect privileged communication in counselor-client relationships. As opposed to individuals, the legal concept of privileged communication generally does not apply in group and family counseling (Anderson, 1996). However, counselors should consider certain ethical concerns in protecting the confidentiality of group and family members. One major difficulty with any law governing client and counselor communication is that laws vary from state to state. It is essential that counselors know and communication to their cli

Mpf System

In 2011, Hong Kong people aged up to 65 and above total for 13 per cent of the population that is a rapidly growing in ageing population. The ratio is evaluated to increase in 19 per cent by 2021 and will up to 30 per cent by 2041. According to this investigation, the Hong Kong Government first introduced the MPF concept in 1995 to assure that every citizens working in Hong Kong prepare the financial provision while they are retirement.In August 1995, Hong Kong Government announced a major stage in enacting the Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Ordinance (â€Å"MPFSO) (Chapter 485, Laws of Hong Kong) to provide a formal project of basic retirement protection. The MPFSO submits the framework for the building a system of privately managed, employment-related MPF schemes for members of the workforce to form financial benefits for retirement.The MPFA was settled on September 17, 1998 to regulate, monitor and direct the operation of the MFP system. There is only about one-third of the wor kforce of 3. 4 million people had some join of retirement protection before the achievement of the Mandatory Provident Fund System in December 2000. But now, closely to 90 per cent of the working population are already joined in retirement protection.There is a large and elderly population without enough savings will enhance a huge burden on the society if the number of ageing people rises up. MPF is build mainly to support the basic retirement protection to the working population by saving. The main feature of this system include coverage all employees and self-employed people who are over 18 and under 65 years old, not including specifically exempt under the MPFSO, are included by the MPF system.An employee and his/her employer are both needed to contribute five per cent of the employee’s monthly relevant income as mandatory contributions for and in respect of the employee, subject to the minimum and maximum relevant income levels for contribution purposes. An employee if e arning below the minimum level of relevant income (HK$6,500 per month or HK$78,000 per year) is not forced to give but may they can elect to do so by way of making voluntary contribution.Despite of the employee’s choice, the employer must contribute five per cent of the employee’s relevant income. The purpose of maximum standard of relevant income for contribution is generally at $25,000 per month or $300,000 per year. Both employers and employees can also due voluntary contribution in excess of the statutory mandatory amount. Self-employed persons also need to contribute five per cent of their relevant income as mandatory contributions, depend on the minimum and maximum standard of their relevant income for contribution purposes.As the beginning of the MPF System in December 2000, the MPF legislation has been reviewed in the light of operational experience in order to strengthen the efficiency and effectiveness of the system continuously. With the enactment of the MPF Schemes (Amendment) Ordinance 2012 on June 21, 2012, a statutory regulatory control to enhance the regulation of the sales and marketing programmers of MPF intermediaries will be in place on November1, 2012 and the Employee Choice Arrangement will be announced on the same day.Further initiative are being undertaken to strengthen the MPF System, including the development of proposals to enhance flexibility in withdrawing MPF benefits. MPF fees and charges have come down slowly as a result of MPFA’s contribution to streamline administrative procedures, enhance fee transparency and expand the market competition. According the Employee Choice Arrangement in place, we all hope that the management handling charges would be reduced in future.